Four-Dimensional Printing as A Technology Based on Bio Mimicry to Produce Spaces that Interact with The Surrounding Environment

In the era of digital printing technology, 3D printing technology led the manufacturing revolution, and through multiple methodologies for the development of 3D printing, this development added time as a fourth dimension to obtain 4D printing parts, this development challenges traditional printing processes using non-traditional materials (such as biomaterials Responsive to stimuli) that bridges the gap between manufacturing processes and increasing demand, and effective designs that are more flexible and adaptable to the environment, as 3D printing focuses on printing fixed structures from a single material and therefore it is not possible to meet all the requirements of dynamic functions necessary to keep pace with the age of technology, while the design that is made Created by 4D printing is able to change its shape in response to environmental factors, hence the need to evolve from 3D printing to 4D printing.
Therefore, the research aims to identify the four-dimensional printing technology from the beginning of additive manufacturing, the techniques used, the operating mechanism, knowledge of the bioactive materials used and the stimuli that cause the movement of the printed structure, then exposure to concepts and definitions about the science of simulating nature and the concept of four-dimensional printing as a technology based on bio-imitation to produce interactive buildings. With the surrounding environment, in addition to an analysis of some 4D printing applications, and how to benefit from and apply them in interior design.